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DRAFT: A Chiastic Reconfiguration Of Hosea 10-11

Kuruvilla Thomas
Bangalore
Published on 17 February 2024 *




Hosea 10-11 Timeline
Fig. 1


Introduction

This study treats Hosea 10:9-11:11 as a cryptochiasmus in order to arrive at a coherent reconfiguration of the text ( see definition of cryptochiasmus in [1] ). If you wish to skip the technicalities of a chiastic parse, you may read starting from Section 4 of the Discussion section, which has the reconfigured text.

This prophecy in Hosea predicts the Assyrian exile of the Northern Tribes and the restoration of Israel at the beginning of the Millennial Reign. It contains the passage, "Out of Egypt I called my son" (Hosea 11:1); on a straight-through reading, this passage appears to be a historical statement about the Israelite escape from slavery in Egypt, but we will show with a chiastic reconfiguration that it is a prediction about Jesus (as stated in Matthew 2:15).

We date the prophecy to some time shortly before Shalmaneser's attack on Israel c. 725BC (based on Hos. 10:14, 11:5-6), towards the end of Hosea's ministry.


Discussion

1. Presuppositions

We base our parse of Hosea 10:9-11:11 on the assumption that it refers to 3 Periods:

  1. The defeat and exile of the Northern Tribes (c.725BC-720BC). The Northern Tribes are defeated by the Assyrians and taken into slavery.
  2. From the Birth of Christ to the First Jewish–Roman War (5BC–73AD). Christ is "called out of Egypt" to minister to the Judahites. The Roman army destroys Judea and Jerusalem and slaughters its people. Note that we have treated these two events - Christ's coming and the war - as one Period in other reconfigurations (for ex. Isaiah 28-33, Zech. 9-11).
  3. Israel is restored at the start of Christ's Millennial Reign on Earth (c.2027AD).

2. Parsing the chiasmus

We will use the NIV Bible for this parse.

Parsing this chiasmus involves dividing portions of the text into three categories as above. We will call the period of the Defeat of Ephraim Period 1, the time from Christ's Birth to The First Jewish–Roman War Period 2, and the Start of the Millennial Reign Period 3.


Categorizing Hosea 10:9-11:11

Ch 10 vs 9-10 belongs to Period 3. In the past, Israel has sinned and has been punished for it.

Ch 10 vs 11 belongs to Period 1. The Northern Tribes are taken into slavery for being unfaithful to their God. Judah is spared.

Ch 10 Vs 12 - Ch 11 Vs 2a belongs to Period 2. This section begins and ends with passages about Christ's first coming - Jesus was sent, in part, to preach righteousness to the Judahites, and so he is called out of Egypt. The pivot is regarding the Jewish-Roman war - the Romans kill the Judahites with great cruelty. ( We expect to see at least one passage about the First Jewish-Roman war in all chiastic reconstructions.) While 10:12a and 10:11 may appear to belong together in Period 1 - both are regarding ploughing - the meaning of the metaphors in the two passages are quite different. We categorize 11:2a as a part of this Period to get a balanced regular chiasmus.


Ch 11 Vs 2b-7 belong to Period 1. The Northern Tribes are defeated and subjugated for their unfaithfulness.

Ch 11 Vs 8-11 belong to Period 3. The Northern Tribes are forgiven for their sins and restored to their own nation at the start of Christ's Millennial Reign.


Original text

We color-code the chiastic units of the original text (NIV) below for easy visual identification using: red for Period 1, blue for Period 2 and green for Period 3. We have retranslated parts of the text.


Hosea 10 9 “Since the days of Gibeah, you have sinned, Israel, and there you have remained. Did not the battle in Gibeah overtake the evildoers? [a] 10 When I please, I punish them. I gather nations against them; I put them in bondage for their double sin. [b]
11 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; so I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will drive Ephraim—Judah will remain still—Jacob will break up the ground [c].
12 Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap favor accordingly; break up your unplowed ground. It is a season to seek the Lord, while he comes and showers his righteousness on you. [d]
13 You [e] have planted wickedness, you have reaped evil, you have eaten the fruit of deception. Because you have depended on your own strength and on your many warriors, 14 the roar of battle will rise against your people, so that all your fortresses will be devastated. As Shalman devastated Beth Arbel on the day of battle, when mothers were dashed to the ground with their children, 15 so [f] will it happen to you, House of God [g], because your wickedness is great. When that day dawns, the king of Israel will be completely cut off [h].


Retranslation notes for Hosea 10
[a] vs 9 "Did not the battle in Gibeah overtake the evildoers?" instead of "Will not war again overtake the evildoers in Gibeah?". Based on the Berean Standard Bible.
[b] vs 10 "When I please, I punish them. I gather nations against them; I put them in bondage for their double sin" instead of "When I please, I will punish them; nations will be gathered against them to put them in bonds for their double sin".
[c] vs 11 "I will drive Ephraim—Judah will remain still—Jacob will break up the ground" instead of "I will drive Ephraim, Judah must plow, and Jacob must break up the ground".
[d] vs 12 "Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap favor accordingly; break up your unplowed ground. It is a season to seek the Lord, while he comes and showers his righteousness on you" instead of "Sow righteousness for yourselves, reap the fruit of unfailing love, and break up your unplowed ground; for it is time to seek the LORD, until he comes and showers his righteousness on you".
[e] vs 13 "You" instead of "But you".
[f] vs 14,15 "devastated. As Shalman devastated Beth Arbel on the day of battle, when mothers were dashed to the ground with their children, 15 so" instead of "devastated—as Shalman devastated Beth Arbel on the day of battle, when mothers were dashed to the ground with their children. 15 So".
[g] vs 15 "House of God" instead of "Bethel".
[h] vs 15 "cut off" instead of "destroyed".


Hosea 11 1 “From the time Israel was a child, I have loved him, so out of Egypt I called my son. [a] 2a But the more they were called, the more they went away from me.
2b They sacrificed to the Baals and they burned incense to images. 3 It was I who taught Ephraim to walk, taking them by the arms; but they did not realize it was I who strengthened [b] them. 4 I led them with cords of human kindness, with ties of love. To them I was like one who lifts a little child to the cheek, and I bent down to feed them. 5 “Will they not turn to Egypt? Will not [c] Assyria rule over them because they refuse to repent? 6 A sword shall rage against their cities, consume their defences, and devour them because of their own counsels. [d]
7 My people are determined to turn from me. Though they are called to the Most High, none at all exalts Him. [e]

8 “How can I give you up, Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel? How can I treat you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim? My heart is changed within me; all my compassion is aroused. 9 I will not carry out my fierce anger, nor will I devastate Ephraim again. For I am God, and not a man— the Holy One among you. I will not come in wrath [f]. 10 They will follow the Lord. He will roar like a lion; when he roars, his children will come in haste from the sea [g]. 11 They will come in haste like birds from Egypt, and like doves from the land of Assyria. [h] I will settle them in their homes,” declares the Lord.

Retranslation notes for Hosea 11
[a] vs 1 "From the time Israel was a child, I have loved him, so out of Egypt I called my son" instead of "When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son".
[b] vs 3 "strengthened" instead of "healed".
[c] vs 5 "Will they not turn to Egypt? Will not" instead of "Will they not return to Egypt and will not".
[d] vs 6 "A sword shall rage against their cities, consume their defences, and devour them because of their own counsels" instead of "A sword will flash in their cities; it will devour their false prophets and put an end to their plans". Based on the ESV.
[e] vs 7 "Though they are called to the Most High, none at all exalts Him" instead of "Even though they call me God Most High, I will by no means exalt them".
[f] vs 9 "in wrath" instead of "against their cities".
[g] vs 10 "They will follow the Lord. He will roar like a lion; when he roars, his children will come in haste from the sea" instead of "They will follow the LORD; he will roar like a lion. When he roars, his children will come trembling from the west".
[h] vs 11 "They will come in haste like birds from Egypt, and like doves from the land of Assyria" instead of "They will come from Egypt, trembling like sparrows, from Assyria, fluttering like doves".

3. Building the reconfigured text

From this parse, it appears that Hosea 10:9-11:11 forms a cryptochiasmus as below:

A1   Ch 10 vs 9-10 Period 3. Israel has been punished
  B1   Ch 10 Vs 11 Period 1. Israel is taken into slavery
    X   Ch 10:12 - Ch 11:2a Period 2. Christ's First Coming, the Jewish-Roman war
  B2   Ch 11 Vs 2b-7 Period 1. The Assyrians defeat Samaria
A2   Ch 11 Vs 8-11 Period 3. Israel is restored


We now reconstruct the passages in the right order based on the chiastic structure above and based on the ordering rules of a cryptochiasmus [1].

We lead with central pivot point 'X'. The corresponding subunits (For example; subunit A1 corresponds to A2) are placed contiguously to form units (For example, A1,A2 is a unit ) so that we get a list of such units.


The sequence selected for rearrangement is:

X  [A1,A2]  [B1,B2]        (1)

Translating (1) into verse numbers, we get:

Ch 10 Vs 12 - Ch 11 Vs 2a   [Ch 10 vs 9-10, Ch 11 Vs 8-11]   [Ch 10 Vs 11, Ch 11 Vs 2b-7]        (2)

We arrive at the reconfigured passage in the next section by rearranging the verses so they are in sequence (2).



4. Hosea 10:9-11:11 Reconfigured

From the Birth of Christ to the First Jewish–Roman War (5BC–73AD) (Ch 10 Vs 12 - Ch 11 Vs 2a)

Ch 10 12a Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap favor accordingly; break up your unplowed ground. 12b It is a season to seek the Lord, while he comes and showers his righteousness on you.
13 You have planted wickedness, you have reaped evil, you have eaten the fruit of deception. Because you have depended on your own strength and on your many warriors, 14 the roar of battle will rise against your people, so that all your fortresses will be devastated. As Shalman devastated Beth Arbel on the day of battle, when mothers were dashed to the ground with their children, 15 so will it happen to you, House of God, because your wickedness is great. When that day dawns, the king of Israel will be completely cut off.
Ch 11 1 “From the time Israel was a child, I have loved him, so out of Egypt I called my son. 2a But the more they were called, the more they went away from me.


Israel is Restored at the Start of Christ's Millennial Reign (c.2027AD) (Ch 10 vs 9-10, Ch 11 Vs 8-11)

Ch 10 9 “Since the days of Gibeah, you have sinned, Israel, and there you have remained. Did not the battle in Gibeah overtake the evildoers? 10 When I please, I punish them. I gather nations against them; I put them in bondage for their double sin.
Ch 11 8 “How can I give you up, Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel? How can I treat you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim? My heart is changed within me; all my compassion is aroused. 9 I will not carry out my fierce anger, nor will I devastate Ephraim again. For I am God, and not a man— the Holy One among you. I will not come in wrath.
10 They will follow the Lord. He will roar like a lion; when he roars, his children will come in haste from the sea. 11 They will come in haste like birds from Egypt, and like doves from the land of Assyria. I will settle them in their homes,” declares the Lord.


The defeat and exile of the Northern Tribes (c.725BC-720BC) (Ch 10 Vs 11, Ch 11 Vs 2b-7)

Ch 10 11 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; so I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will drive Ephraim—Judah will remain still—Jacob will break up the ground. Ch 11 2b They sacrificed to the Baals and they burned incense to images.
Ch 11 3 It was I who taught Ephraim to walk, taking them by the arms; but they did not realize it was I who strengthened them. 4 I led them with cords of human kindness, with ties of love. To them I was like one who lifts a little child to the cheek, and I bent down to feed them.
5 “Will they not turn to Egypt? Will not Assyria rule over them because they refuse to repent? 6 A sword shall rage against their cities, consume their defences, and devour them because of their own counsels. 7 My people are determined to turn from me. Though they are called to the Most High, none at all exalts Him.


5. A Commentary on the Reconfigured Text

5.1 From the Birth of Christ to the First Jewish–Roman War (5BC–73AD) (Ch 10 Vs 12 - Ch 11 Vs 2a)

This Period is structured as a chiasmus. The pivot, X [10:13-15], is regarding the First Jewish-Roman War (66AD-73AD). In the subunits, A1 [10:12] and A2 [11:1-2a], God sends Christ to reform the Judahites and teach his Gospel of the New Covenant.


Subunit A1: God sends His Son to reform the Judahites and teach the Gospel (10:12)

Chapter 10 12a Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap favor accordingly; break up your unplowed ground.

The Judahites are exhorted to change their corrupt ways ("break up your unplowed ground") and to be righteous so that they may receive God's favour (cf. Proverbs 11:18, Galatians 6:7-9).



Chapter 10 12b It is a season to seek the Lord, while he comes and showers his righteousness on you.

During Christ's ministry, he teaches the Judahites the proper way to think, live and to worship their God (he "showers his righteousness") (John 14:6), so that all who heed his teachings ("seek the Lord") may be saved (John 3:16).



Pivot X: The First Jewish-Roman War (66AD-73AD) (10:13-15)

Note the design of this pivot: its scope narrows from all of Judea to its capital and then to its king.


Chapter 10 13a You have planted wickedness, you have reaped evil, you have eaten the fruit of deception.

Wicked Judahites were punished by the cruel Roman attack (they "reaped evil" against themselves) of the First Jewish-Roman War. The Pharisees and Scribes had led the people of Judea astray through their version of Judaism which was corrupted with deceptive Satanic ideas from Babylon ("beware the leaven of the Pharisees" - Matt. 16:12, Matt. 23, John 8:42-44). The Judahites that followed the Pharisees' teachings had become a wicked, deceptive people who rejected the message of Christ.



Chapter 10 13b Because you have depended on your own strength and on your many warriors, 14a the roar of battle will rise against your people, so that all your fortresses will be devastated.

Instead of placing their trust in God and Christ, the Judahites depended on their own military strength. They had successfully repulsed large armies in the past using their tactics of asymmetric warfare (see for ex., 1 Maccabees 4:1-25), and they believed they were well prepared for a long siege at Jerusalem, but their strategies and preparation proved inadequate. For all of Judah was destroyed in the Roman attack, even its fortresses. Only those Judahites who believed in Christ and followed his instruction to "flee to the mountains" escaped (Matt. 24:16). (See also, our paper on the "70 weeks of Daniel" [2]).



Chapter 10 14b As Shalman devastated Beth Arbel on the day of battle, when mothers were dashed to the ground with their children, 15 so will it happen to you, House of God, because your wickedness is great.

The Romans attacked Jerusalem ("House of God") and killed the Judahites in it with exceptional cruelty ("mothers were dashed to the ground...") (see Luke 19:41-44). Apparently Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, conducted a similarly brutal attack on Betharbel shortly before Hosea published this prophecy.

Note that Shalmaneser is called Shalman here, probably because this attack occurred while he was still crown prince - before he adopted a regnal name. Also, Betharbel, the site of the Shalman's massacre, is commonly considered to be a city in the region of Pella; ironically, Christian Judahites were protected from the Roman massacre of 70AD in the same Pella region.



Chapter 10 15b When that day dawns, the king of Israel will be completely cut off.

Herod Agrippa II ("the king of Israel") was overthrown and permanently cut off from Judea at the start ("dawn") of the war (the "day" is the period of the war) c. 66AD, because he chose to support the Romans. The Judahites had no proper leadership during the war (see Isaiah 3:4).



Subunit A2: God sends His Son to reform the Judahites and teach the Gospel (11:1-2a)

Chapter 11 1 “From the time Israel was a child, I have loved him, so out of Egypt I called my son.

God loved Israel from its early years, during the time of its patriarchs (Deut. 10:15) - the Israelites have been His chosen people. So God chose the Judahites, the only Israelites who remained under the Mosaic covenant, to spread Christ's Gospel of the New Covenant to the rest of the world. Jesus, who had been taken to Egypt to escape Herod, was called back to Nazareth and Judea to reform the Judahites and to teach them the Gospel (Matt. 2:13-15). The phrase "out of Egypt I called my son" is quoted in the New Testament as being regarding Christ's First Coming (Matt. 2:15).



Chapter 11 2a But the more they were called, the more they went away from me.

But the more the Judahites were called to righteousness by Christ and his followers, the further they went away from God (see for example, John 8:39–59).



5.2 Israel is Restored at the Start of Christ's Millennial Reign (c.2027AD) (Ch 10 vs 9-10, Ch 11 Vs 8-11)

This Period is structured as a chiasmus. In the pivot, X [11:8-9], God forgives Israel. In subunit A1 [10:9-10] the Israelites are punished and in subunit A2 [11:10-11] they are restored (subunit A1 is regarding the past and A2 is regarding the future).


Subunit A1: The Israelites have been punished (10:9-10)

Chapter 10 9a “Since the days of Gibeah, you have sinned, Israel, and there you have remained.

The Israelites of Gibeah had exhibited a perversity of character matching that of Sodom (see Judges 19:20-25); this extent of depravity in a community is typically the result of the extensive practice of witchcraft and dealings with demons. The Israelites, particularly the Northern Tribes, had continued to sin in this vein ("there you have remained").



Chapter 10 9b Did not the battle in Gibeah overtake the evildoers?
10 When I please, I punish them. I gather nations against them; I put them in bondage for their double sin.

The wicked of Gibeah had been punished ("overtaken") for their sins in the Battle of Gibeah (Judges 20). And God has similarly punished the Israelites over millennia through exile and tribulation for their great sins (we take "double" to mean great) of worshipping other gods (as warned in Deut.:28:25). ( Verse 10 continues from vs 9a - vs 9b is parenthetical.)



Pivot X: God forgives Israel (11:8-9)

Chapter 11 8 “How can I give you up, Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel? How can I treat you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim? My heart is changed within me; all my compassion is aroused. 9 I will not carry out my fierce anger, nor will I devastate Ephraim again. For I am God, and not a man— the Holy One among you. I will not come in wrath.

God will not forever remain angry with Israel and eternally forsake His chosen nation. He will not utterly destroy the Israelites as He did other wicked peoples, like those of Admah and Zeboyim - cities that were situated on the same plain as Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 14:2) and that were destroyed with them (Gen. 19:25, Deut. 29:22-23). God's compassion for His people is aroused, and, after their long separation, God, in His holy love, forgives the Northern Tribes ("Ephraim"), so that all the Israelites are His people again. He will not come against them in anger again.



Subunit A2: The Israelites will be restored (11:10-11)

Chapter 11 10 They will follow the Lord. He will roar like a lion; when he roars, his children will come in haste from the sea.

God will once again open the hearts of the Israelites to Himself so that they heed His word ("follow the Lord"). Through the coming Messiah, the Lion of Judah (see Rev 5:5, cf. Hosea 3:4,5), He will call ("roar") for His people from around the world, to gather them into the New Israel, and they will hurry home. Note that the "sea" (or "islands of the sea", as in Isaiah 24:15) refers to the nations surrounding the Mediterranean and represents all the nations of the world.



Chapter 11 11 They will come in haste like birds from Egypt, and like doves from the land of Assyria. I will settle them in their homes,” declares the Lord.

The Israelites will hurry home en masse from around the world ("Egypt/Assyria") to the New Israel, where they will receive accommodation. We believe that the metaphor of the "birds"/"doves" indicates that they will fly in by aircraft (a similar prediction can be found in Isaiah 60:8,9).

In what sense do "Egypt" and "Assyria" represent the whole world this Period? Assyria (the first "king" of Rev 17:10) was, at one time, the nation from which Satan ruled the earth. So in this Period, Assyria represents "Babylon's" Beast empire (Rev 13), which controls the world for Satan. Egypt, in prophecy, represents the Western Empire, primarily the USA and Europe (the 6th "king" of Rev 17:10). Since "Egypt" makes up a significant portion of "Assyria", they are used synonymously here. And because "Assyria/Egypt" control the world, they represent the whole world.



5.3 The Defeat and Exile of the Northern Tribes (c.725BC-720BC) (Ch 10 Vs 11, Ch 11 Vs 2b-7)

This Period is structured as a chiasmus. The subunits, A1 [10:11,11:2b] and A2 [11:5-7], predict that the ungrateful Northern Tribes will be sent into slavery. The pivot, X [11:3-4], indicates that it was God who had fostered the Northern Tribes in their "youth".


Subunit A1: The Northern Tribes are sent into slavery (10:11,11:2b)

Chapter 10 11 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; so I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will drive Ephraim—Judah will remain still—Jacob will break up the ground.
Chapter 11 2b They sacrificed to the Baals and they burned incense to images.

God does not ask for much from His worshippers ("For My yoke is easy and My burden is light" - Matt 11:30), but the Northern Tribes ("Jacob/Ephraim") have displayed an eagerness for the demanding and demeaning works that are a part of serving other gods, like the Baals (they are like a "trained heifer that loves to thresh") (2 Kings 17:16-17).

So God allowed His chosen people (the "fair necked" ones), those who should have enjoyed His blessings, to suffer the humiliating drudgery of slavery in Assyria ("I will put a yoke on her neck", "I will drive Ephraim", "Jacob will break up the ground") (2 Kings 17:6, 17:18-20). The Southern Tribes, who have been relatively faithful to their God, will not be punished ("Judah will remain still").



Pivot X: God had nurtured the Northern Tribes (11:3-4)

Chapter 11 3 It was I who taught Ephraim to walk, taking them by the arms; but they did not realize it was I who strengthened them. 4 I led them with cords of human kindness, with ties of love. To them I was like one who lifts a little child to the cheek, and I bent down to feed them.

God had fondly nurtured the Northern Tribes ("Ephraim") from the time of the patriarchs (when they were "a little child"), and turned them into a mighty nation (see also Deut. 1:31, Deut 32:10-14). He has led the Israelites like a gentle, loving father (He used "cords of human kindness", as opposed to the rough ropes used for slaves). But the Israelites, particularly the Northern Tribes, have forgotten that it was their God who made them great, and have gone after other gods (this is the primary topic of the Book of Hosea).



Subunit A2: The Northern Tribes are sent into slavery (11:5-7)

Chapter 11 5a “Will they not turn to Egypt?

Hoshea, king of the Northern Tribes, rebelled against Assyria and stopped paying tribute, and he instead formed an alliance with King So of Egypt (he "turned to Egypt") (2 Kings 17:4).



Chapter 11 5b Will not Assyria rule over them because they refuse to repent?

Furious at Hoshea's betrayal, Shalmaneser V planned an attack on Samaria to take control of the land (c. 725-722BC) (2 Kings 17:3-6). God allowed Samaria to be defeated, because the people refused to repent and return to Him (2 Kings 17:7-17).



Chapter 11 6 A sword shall rage against their cities, consume their defences, and devour them because of their own counsels.

After a 3-year siege, the Assyrians broke through Samaria's defences and destroyed the land c 722BC (cf. Isaiah 28:1-4); the people were taken into exile to Assyria by Shalmaneser and Sargon II c. 725-720BC (2 Kings 17:5-6). So the Northern Tribes were devastated because of their own foolish plan ("their own counsels") of turning to Egypt for support (see Isaiah 31:1-3).



Chapter 11 7 My people are determined to turn from me. Though they are called to the Most High, none at all exalts Him.

This verse summarizes in plain language the reason for the humiliation and exile of the Northern Tribes. They have steadfastly turned away from their God and refused to worship Him despite all the teachings and warnings from the prophets.



Conclusion

We have shown with this reconstruction that this short passage contains three interwoven prophetic passages, that are about the same size. Hosea primarily preached against the 'prostitution' of the Israelites of his time (their worship of other gods), but here we show that Hosea also makes predictions regarding the First Coming of Christ and the Millennial Reign. With this parse, we show that Matthew 2:15 did not arbitrarily apply a passage about the Israelites to Jesus.



References

[1] A Definition of Cryptochiasmus
[2] A Chiastic Reconfiguration Of "The 70 Weeks Of Daniel"
[3] A Chiastic Reconfiguration Of Micah 4 and 5





* First version published on 11 February 2020.